Forms of Address 4

(esp. the use of u or je). There is a direct link between the way in which people address each other and politeness. Here we consider three aspects of this: second-person pronouns, greetings and farewells and formulas in letters. There are two aspect to second-person pronouns: form and use.

• Lecture1.1
  Forms of second-person pronouns
• Lecture1.2
  Use of second-person pronouns
• Lecture1.3
  Greetings and farewells
• Lecture1.4
  Formulas in letters

Indirectness 1

• Lecture2.1
  Expressing Indirectness

Use of zou 1

(as in the third example on the overview)

• Lecture3.1
  Examples of zou

Modal Particles 7

(words like even and misschien). There is a group of Dutch adverbs that have developed a special use which is hard to translate literally but very important when establishing politeness. They have developed from normal adverbs, often with a temporal meaning, but in this special use they are called modal particles. They can be used in all sentence types, especially to modulate the impact of: a command (imperative), a request (interrogative), an advice (declarative). Modal particles often occur in clusters of two or three.

• Lecture4.1
  Imperatives: Maar
• Lecture4.2
  Imperatives: Even
• Lecture4.3
  Interrogatives: Even, misschien, soms
• Lecture4.4
  Interrogatives: Eens
• Lecture4.5
  Declaratives: Even, maar
• Lecture4.6
  Declaratives: Eens
• Lecture4.7
  Clusters

Voice Quality 1

• Lecture5.1
  Intonation, Pitch and Volume